اختصاصی از
اس فایل دانلود تحقیق توربین های بادی دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .
چکیده :
تبدیل انرژی باد به انرژی مکانیکی و سپس انرژی الکتریکی در توربین های بادی انجام می شود . توربین های بادی در اندازه های مختلف با اجزای مختلف و ویژگی های متفاوت با توجه به شرایط محیط و میزان نیاز تولید توان الکتریکی ساخته می شوند ،این توربین ها از پره ها با قطر روتور چندین متر تا حدود 100 متر برای تولید توان های چندین کیلووات تا 2000 کیلووات مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند علاوه بر تولید توان الکتریکی از توربین های بادی برای پمپاژ آب نیز استفاده می شود.
انرژی باد یکی از صورت های منابع انرژی تجدید پذیر است که با توجه به ویژگی مشترک انرژی های تجدید پذیر به صورت گسترده با تمرکز کم ( چگالی کم ) در اختیار بشر قرار گرفته است
نوعی از انرژی خورشید است که بر اثر اختلاف دمای بین دو ناحیه تولید می شود: ناحیه سرد پر فشار و ناحیه گرم کم فشار است .
طی سالهای اخیر تولید برق به وسیله توربینهای بادی افزایش پیدا کرده است. توربینهای جدید به صورتهای متفاوت متصل به شبکه و یا منفعل از شبکه و به صورت تولید پراکنده در سیستمهای قدرت مورد استفاده قرار می گیرند.
در این پروژه در مورد انواع توربین ها و مکانیزم عملکرد و طراحی آنها توضیح داده شده است . همچنین در مورد حفاظت توربین ها و کنترل توان نیروگاه ها توسط توربین ها به مواردی اشاره شده است.
ﻛﺸﻮر اﻳﺮان از ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮف ﺑﺎ ﻛﻮﻫﻬﺎی ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌـﻲ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮر ﮔـﺸﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ. اﻳـﺮان ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴـﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ دارد در آﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺮق و ﻏﺮب و ﻧـﻮاﺣﻲ ﮔـﺮم ﺟﻨـﻮب و ﻣﻌﺘـﺪل ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻲ واﻗـﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ودر ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬـﺎی ﻋﻤـﺪه ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑـﻴﻦ آﺳـﻴﺎ ، اروﭘـﺎ ، اﻓﺮﻳﻘـﺎ ، اﻗﻴـﺎﻧﻮس ﻫﻨـﺪ و اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮس اﻃﻠﺲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . همین امر باعث پیشرفت سریع در استفاده از نیروگاه بادی خواهد شد.
فهرست مطالب
فصل اول :
1-1 ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ.....................................................................................................................................................................................................2
1-2 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪاﻳﺮاﻧﻴﺎن......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1-3 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪآﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ..................................................................................................................................................................................3
1-4 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪداﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲﻫﺎ ............................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1-5 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮیﻫﺎ................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1-6 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪروﺳﻬﺎ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1-7 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻫﻠﻨﺪیﻫﺎ......................................................................................................................................................................................6
1-8 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪاﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲﻫﺎ.....................................................................................................................................................................................6
1-9 ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪآﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1-10 ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲدرﺑﺎرهاﻧﺮژیﺑﺎد....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1-11 ﻣﻨﺒﻊاﻧﺮژیﺑﺎدی..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
1-12 ﺑﺎد.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
1-13 اﻧﻮاعﺑﺎدﻫﺎ...............................................................................................................................................................................................11
1-13 ﺟﺪول ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت...............................................................................................................................................................................12
1-14 ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاتﺳﺮﻋﺖﺑﺎد........................................................................................................................................................................ 13
1-15 مزایای استفاده از توربینهای بادی..................................................................................................................................... 15
1-16 رشد ظرفیت توربینهای بادی تا پایان سال 2004........................................................................................................ 16
فصل دوم :
2- 1 توربین بادی............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
2-2 توربینهای بادی چگونه کار می کنند ؟............................................................................................................................................................ 21
2-3ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪیﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎیﺑﺎدی................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
2-4 دوﻧﻮعﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدیﻓﻮقازﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎیزﻳﺮﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ.............................................................................................................................28
2-5 ساختمان توربین بادی.......................................................................................................................................................................29
2-6 انواع توربین های بادی.................................................................................................................................................................... 29
2-7 مفاهیم کنترل توان..............................................................................................................................................................................31
2-8 انواع ژنراتورهای مدرن..................................................................................................................................................................32
2-9 ژنراتورهای آسنکرون (القایی) .................................................................................................................................................... 34
2-10 ژنراتور سنکرون............................................................................................................................................................................. 37
2-11 توربین های مختلف با کاربرد های مختلف.............................................................................................................................................. 38
2-12 برق بادی در مقیاسهای کوچک................................................................................................................................................................... 50
فصل سوم :
3-1 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدیﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪﻛﺎرﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.............................................................................................................................................................................. 62
3-2 تغییرپذیری باد و قدرت توربین...................................................................................................................................................67
3-3 تعیین محل توربینهای بادی......................................................................................................................................................... 67
3-4 نصب توربینها نزدیک ساحل....................................................................................................................................................... 69
3-5 نصب توربینها دور از ساحل....................................................................................................................................................... 69
3-6 توربینهای هوائی (معلق در هوا(............................................................................................................................................... 70
3-7 نیروگاههای بادی کوچک..................................................................................................................................................................73
3-8 رشد و روند هزینه.............................................................................................................................................................................75
3-9 ذخیره انرژی..........................................................................................................................................................................................76
3-10 اکولوژی(شناخت محیط زیست)و آلودگی تولید گازCo2وآلودگیمحیطزیست................................................ 77
3-11 تأثیر نیروگاههای بادی در حیات وحش................................................................................................................................. 78
3-12 اﺟﺰاءاﺻﻠﻲﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎیﺑﺎدی...........................................................................................................................................................................81
3-13 واحد تولید کاور و نوزکن............................................................................................................................................................................. 88
3-14 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﭘﺮهﻫﺎیﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدی.......................................................................................................................................................93
3-15 ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢدورﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎیﺑﺎدی................................................................................................................................................................................ 96
3-16 ﻗﺮاردادنﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦدرﺟﻬﺖﺑﺎد..............................................................................................................................................................................98
3-17 ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرﻫﺎیﻣﻮﻟﺪﺑﺮق.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 99
3-18 ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮرﻫﺎ............................................................................................................................................................................103
3-19 ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎیوﻟﺘﺎژ..................................................................................................................................................................... 104
فصل چهارم :
4-1 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ.....................................................................................................................................................................................................109
4-2 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ....................................................................................................................................................................................................110
4-3 آﺳﯿﺐﻫﺎیﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢوﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ............................................................................................................................................... 110
فصل پنجم :
5-1 ﺧﻼﺻﻪ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 122
5-2ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 122
5-3 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرﺑﺎدیﻣﺘﺼﻞﺑﻪﺷﺒﮑﻪ.................................................................................................................................................................. 124
5-4 ﻗﺪرتﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦﺑﺎدی............................................................................................................................................................................................... 125
5-5 ﻣﺪلرﯾﺎﺿﯽژﻧﺮاﺗﻮرآﺳﻨﮑﺮونﻣﺘﺼﻞﺑﻪﺷﺒﮑﻪ .................................................................................................................................................127
5-6 اﯾﺪهاﺻﻠﯽزﯾﺮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﮐﻨﺘﺮل..........................................................................................................................................................................................128
5-7 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎتﻋﺪدی...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 133
5-8 ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 137
فصل ششم :
6-1 ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲاﻳﺮان...................................................................................................................................................................................... 139
6-2 ﺑﺎدﻫﺎیاﻳﺮان ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 140
6-3 ﺧﻼﺻﻪدوﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪﺑﺮایﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻣﺤﻞﻧﺼﺐﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدی ................................................................................................................................ 142
6-4 ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎیﺑﺎدیدرﺟﻬﺎن.................................................................................................................................................... 147
6-5 ﻧﻴﺮوﮔﺎهﻋﻈﻴﻢﺑﺎدیﺑﻪﻗﺪرت KW2500..................................................................................................................................................... 147
6-6 ﭘﺮوژهﻫﺎیﺑﺎد.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 150
6-7 ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ،ﺳﺎﺧﺖوﻧﺼﺐﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦﺑﺎدی10ﻛﻴﻠﻮواتﺳﻬﻨﺪﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ.................................................................................................................... 151
6-8 نیروگاهبادیبینالود ; اولینمزرعهبادیدرایران .......................................................................................................................................... 154
6-9 آمار ظرفیت نصب توربینهای بادی در ایران..................................................................................................................... 160
فصل هفتم:
7-1 شبیه سازی پروژه در نرم افزار Digsilent و matlab..............................................................................................165
مراجع ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................179
فهرست اشکال
ﺷﻜﻞ 1–1 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-2 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدی ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﺎﻻت ورﻣﻮﻧﺖ اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ...................................................................................................3
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-3 آﺳﻴﺎب ﺑﺎدی ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ داﻧﻤﺎرﻛﻲ ﻫﺎ.................................................................................................................................... 4
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-4 ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدی ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق ﻛﻪ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﭘﺎرﻳﺲ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ.....................................................................................................5
ﺷﻜﻞ1– 5 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-6 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-7.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-8...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-9 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-10............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-11............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
ﺷﻜﻞ 1-12............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
ﺷﻜل 1-13 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت........................................................................................................................................... 15
شکل1-14 توربین باد NM 110-4.2 Vestas ...........................................................................................................................................................18
شکل1-15 توربین باد V90 Vestas...............................................................................................................................................................................18
شکل1-16توربین باد GE 3.6s offshore................................................................................................................................................................. 19
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-1 ﺷﻤﺎی ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدی ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮر ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎوﻧﻴﻮس......................................................................................................................... 24
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-3 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-5 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-6 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-7.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-8.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-9.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-10....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-11..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
ﺷﻜﻞ 2-12............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
شکل 2-13............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 40
شکل 2-14............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 41
شکل 2-15............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
شکل 2-16............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43
شکل 2-17............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 44
شکل 2-18............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 45
شکل 2-19............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46
شکل 2-20............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
شکل 2-21.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................48
شکل 2-22....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
شکل 2-23............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 50
شکل 2-24......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
شکل 2-25......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
شکل 2-26.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
شکل 2-27............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57
شکل 2-28............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59
شکل 3-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
شکل 3-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
شکل 3-3...........................................................................................................................................................................................................64
شکل 3-4.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
شکل 3-5.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 65
شکل 3-6 اﺟﺰاء اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎی ﺑﺎدی................................................................................................................................................ 65
شکل 3-7 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
شکل 3-8...........................................................................................................................................................................................................88
شکل 3-9...........................................................................................................................................................................................................91
شکل 3-10........................................................................................................................................................................................................91
شکل 3-11......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
شکل 3-12......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92
شکل 3-13...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................92
شکل3-14........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
شکل 3-15 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺎدی.................................................................................................................... 95
شکل 3-16 ﺑﺎرﻫﺎی وارد ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮه ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدی اﻓﻘﻲ.......................................................................................................................... 96
شکل 3-17 روﺷﻬﺎی ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻛﺮدن ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدی.................................................................................................................................................. 97
شکل 3-18 ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ زاوﻳﻪ ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎی ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدی................................................................................................................................... 98
شکل 3-19 ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق.............................................................................................................................................................. 102
شکل 3-20 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻔﻮرﻣﺎﺗﻮر ﺑﺮای اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﺮق ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ دور .................................................................... 104
شکل 3-21 دﻳﺎﮔﺮام ﺳﺎده ﺳﻴﻢ ﻛﺸﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎدی ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮق .......................................................................................................... 105
شکل 3-22........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 106
شکل 3-23........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 107
ﺷﮑﻞ 5-1 ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮐﻠﯽ ژﻧﺮاﺗﻮر ﺑﺎدی ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ.................................................................................................................................... 125
ﺷﮑﻞ 5-2 ﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺎد .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 125
ﺷﮑﻞ 5-3 ﮐﻨﺘﺮل Feed forward ............................................................................................................................................................................ 129
ﺷﮑﻞ 5-4 ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺪون Feed forward ..................................................................................................................................................................... 131
ﺷﮑﻞ 5ـ5 ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزی ﺷﺪه........................................................................................................................................................................... 134
ﺷﮑﻞ 5-6 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ..............................................................................................................................................................................................135
ﺷﮑﻞ 5-7 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 136
ﺷﮑﻞ 5-8 ﺗﻮان ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 136
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 144
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-3............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 145
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-5............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 148
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-6 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 149
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-7............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-8............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162
ﺷﻜﻞ 6-9............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 163
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 166
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-2.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................166
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-3.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................167
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-4.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................167
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-5.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................168
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-6.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................169
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-7.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................169
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-8.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................170
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-9.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-10..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................171
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-11..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................172
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-12..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................173
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-13..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................174
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-14..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................174
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-15..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................175
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-16..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................176
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-17..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................177
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-18..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................177
ﺷﻜﻞ 7-19..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................178
فهرست جداول
ﺟﺪول1-1 ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺎد ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻮﻓﻮرت............................................................................................................................................ 14
جدول 1-2 ظرفیت نصب توربینهای بالاتر از 3 مگاوات در دنیا تا پایان سال 2004..............................................................................17
جدول 2-1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
جدول 2-2..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................54
جدول 2-3 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
جدول 2-4............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57
جدول 2-5............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 58
جدول 2-6..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................60
جدول 3 - 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................90
ﺟﺪول 4-1 آﻣﺎر ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ آﺳﯿﺐ دﯾﺪﮔﯽ ﻫﺎ......................................................................................................................................... 113
ﺟﺪول 4-2 ﺗﻨﺎوب ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ ﺻﺎﻋﻘﻪ زدﮔﯽ ﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺎدی در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﯽ اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن.................................................................... 114
جدول 6-1......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 160
جدول 6-2......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 161
جدول 6-3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................161
جدول 6-4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................162
شامل 213 صفحه word
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