77 صفحه
BP Process Safety Series Safe Furnace and Boiler Firing, 2012
A collection of booklets describing hazards and
how to manage them
سرفصلها:
1 Introduction ....................................... 1
2 How fired heaters work ............................. 3
2.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Draught (UK)/Draft (US) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Explosions ....................................... 24
4 Fuelsystems ..................................... 29
4.1 Fuel-gas lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Condensate in fuel-gas lines ........................... 31
Water in fuel oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Disposal of waste gases or vapours by burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Burners ......................................... 35
Premix gas burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Non-premix gas burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Steam-atomizing oil burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Combination burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Pilot burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Automatic controls for burner regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Modification of burner systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Furnace lighting and shutdown ...................... 48
Preparation and pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Lighting gas burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lighting oil burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Switching fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Ignition of burners under pressure ....................... 62
Specific firing instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Shutting down a furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7 Some points to remember .......................... 79
Test yourself! ..................................... 83
Acronyms and abbreviations ........................ 87
Short bibliography ................................ 88
BP Process Safety Series Safe Furnace and Boiler Firing, 2012
